Q1. (i) Give three advantages of loosening the soil before sowing the seeds. (ii) Mahesh uses a cultivator for ploughing whereas Satish uses a hoe for ploughing. What advantage does Mahesh have over Satish?
Solution
(i) a. Loosening the soil allows the roots to penetrate deep into the soil. b. The loose soil allows the deeply penetrated roots to breathe easily. c. The loosened soil helps in the growth of earthworms and microbes present in the soil.(ii) Since Mahesh uses the cultivator, he is able to save both labour and time as compared to Satish.
Q2. What is the importance of threshing?
Solution
Threshing is carried out to separate the grain from the chaff in the harvested crop.
Q3. (i) How do weeds affect the crops grown in fields?(ii) What is combine? What is its use?
Solution
(i) Weeds compete with the crop plants for water, nutrients, space and light. Thus, they affect the growth of the crop and reduce the yield of crop plants.(ii) A combine is a combined harvester and thresher. It is used for threshing.
Q4. What is water-logging?
Solution
When too much water is given to the soil, it becomes wet. Water accumulates around the plant. This is called water-logging.
Q5. Why is the harvest season celebrated in different parts of India?
Solution
The sight of golden fields of standing crop, laden with grain, fills the hearts of farmers with joy and a sense of well-being. The efforts of the past season have borne fruit and it is time to relax and enjoy a little. Hence the period of harvest is celebrated with great joy and happiness in all parts of India.
Q6. How are the nutrients present in dead plants and animals absorbed by living plants?
Solution
The dead plants and animals get decomposed by soil organisms. Thus, the various nutrients held in the dead organisms are released back into the soil. These nutrients are then absorbed by plants.
Q7. Fish is a source of which important nutrient?
Solution
Proteins
Q8. (i) Why do damaged seeds float on water?(ii) Mention three advantages of sowing seeds using seed drill?
Solution
(i) Damaged seeds become hollow and are thus lighter. Hence they float on water.(ii) a. A seed drill sows the seeds uniformly at proper distances and depths. b. It ensures that seeds get covered by the soil after sowing, thereby preventing damage caused by birds. c. Sowing by using a seed drill saves time and labour.
Q9. Why is it important to carry out proper animal husbandry?
Solution
Animals reared at home or in farms, have to be provided with proper food, shelter and care. This will ensure good health of the animals. Only then will they be able to provide us with good quality animal products. Hence, we need to carry out proper animal husbandry.
Q10. (i) Discuss the working of sprinkler system of irrigation.(ii) What is water-logging?
Solution
(i) The perpendicular pipes, having rotating nozzles on top, are joined to the main pipeline at regular intervals. When water is allowed to flow through the main pipe under pressure with the help of a pump, it escapes from the rotating nozzles. It gets sprinkled on the crop as if it is raining.(ii) When too much water is given to the soil, it becomes wet. Water accumulates around the plant. This is called water-logging.
Q11. What is the process of transplantation in
agriculture? Give examples of two crops which are usually grown by this
process.
Solution
The process of removing a plant from the
place where it has been growing and replanting it in another is called
transplantation.
Tomato and paddy are examples of crops
grown by transplantation.
Q12. How is fertilizer different from manure in providing plant nutrients?
Solution
Fertilisers contain much higher amount of nutrients in comparison to the manures. The nutrients of manures are released quite slowly whereas fertilizers are readily absorbed by the crop plants.
Q13. How can fertilizers cause death of fishes?
Solution
Sometimes excessive fertilizers get washed away through irrigation and rainfall and reach water bodies like rivers or lakes and pollute them. Thus the water of water bodies become poisonous to fishes and other aquatic animals and may even kill them.
Q14. Why is it essential to dry the grains properly under the sun before storing them?
Solution
If freshly harvested grains are stored without drying, they may get spoilt or attacked by organisms, losing their germination capacity. Hence, before storing them, the grains are properly dried under the sun to reduce the moisture in them.
Q15. What is
broadcasting in agriculture?
Solution
Broadcasting
in agriculture implies to the sowing of seeds by hand or manually.
Q16. (i) A farmer has carried out the harvest of his crop. He now wants to store these grains for a month before selling them to an appropriate buyer. What steps should he take for this?(ii) How the lowering of temperature helps in increasing the shelf-life of food?
Solution
(i) The farmer needs to carry out the following steps in order to ensure safe storage of food grains: a. The fresh crop should be properly dried in the sun to reduce the moisture in them so as to prevent the attack by insect pests, bacteria and fungi. b. The grains should be stored in jute bags or metallic bins to protect them from pests. c. Specific chemical treatments are required for storing large quantities of grains in big godowns to protect them from pests and microorganisms.(ii) Lowering of temperature slows down the growth of bacteria, yeast and moulds, and inhibits the action of enzymes present in the food material.
Q17. Which two essential elements are supplied to crop plants through irrigation?
Solution
Hydrogen and oxygen are supplied to crop plants through irrigation.
Q18. Why is it important to loosen the soil before sowing the seeds?
Solution
Loosening the soil allows the roots of crops to penetrate deep into the soil and allows the roots to breathe easily.
Q19. Rohan saw his grandmother putting some
dried neem leaves in an iron drum containing wheat. Why do you think she did
this?
Solution
Dried neem leaves prevent attack by insect
pests, bacteria and fungi. So, they are used for storing food grains at home.
This is why Rohan’s grandmother put some dried neem leaves in an iron drum
containing wheat.
Q20. (i) What is winnowing? (ii) How is winnowing done?(iii) What is the function of combine?
Solution
(i) The process of separating grain from chaff and hay with the help of wind is called winnowing. (ii) When the grain mixed with chaff and hay is made to fall from a height in blowing wind, the grain, being heavy, falls straight to the ground, whereas the chaff and hay, being much lighter, are carried some distance away by the wind. In this way, the grains form a separate heap and can be collected and packed in gunny bags. (iii) A combine is a huge machine which cuts the standing cereal crop (like wheat) in the fields, threshes it and separates the chaff from grain in one operation.
Q21. Mention three advantages of sowing seeds using seed drill?
Solution
a. A seed drill sows the seeds uniformly at proper distances and depths. b. It ensures that seeds get covered by the soil after sowing, thereby preventing damage caused by birds. c. Sowing by using a seed drill saves time and labour.
Q22. Describe the
nutrient composition of animal foods in general.
Solution
Generally, food stuff obtained from animal sources is rich in proteins
and fats. It also contains certain minerals and vitamins. Animal foods
provide certain proteins which are absent in plant foods. Animal foods are
low in carbohydrate content.
Q23. (i) Why honey is used in Ayurvedic medicines?(ii) What is apiculture? Name the product produced by this process.
Solution
(i) Honey is used in Ayurvedic medicines as it is rich in sugars, minerals and enzymes.(ii) The rearing of honey-bees on large scale is called apiculture. Honey is produced by rearing honey-bees.
Q24. How are grains stored in gunny bags or bins?
Solution
The grains are dried in the sun to remove as much moisture as possible. They are then weighed and packed in gunny bags or bins.
Q25. When would
one expect to find large crumbs of soil in the field?
Solution
The
soil breaks up into large chunks of mud called crumbs after ploughing if the soil
is very dry.
Q26. A farmer adds some fertilizer to the soil. How is irrigation helpful in the uptake of fertilizer by the plants?
Solution
Fertilisers are readily soluble in water due to which they dissolve in the irrigation water. Along with water, the dissolved fertilizers are also absorbed by the plant roots.
Q27. Name two
poultry animals other than hen and chicken.
Solution
Duck and turkey
Q28. At which
stages do wheat fields require irrigation?
Solution
Wheat requires irrigation at three stages:
Before the field is ploughed At the time of
flowering At the time of grain development
Q29. Differentiate between kharif and rabi crops.
Solution
Kharif Crops
Rabi Crops
i. The crop which are sown in teh rainy season are called kharif crops.
i. The crops grown in the winter season are called rabi crops.
ii. The rainy season in India is generally from Junte to September.
ii. Their time period is generally from October to March.
Example - Paddy.
Example - Wheat
Q30. Name a
government organisation which helps store food grains on a large scale.
Solution
The Food Corporation of India (FCI) buys grains from farmers on a
large scale and stores them.
Q31. A farmer puts the seeds of a particular crop in a bowl of water for separating the viable and damaged seeds from each other. What is the advantage of this method?
Solution
This method helps to easily identify and obtain the viable seeds without damaging them.
Q32. How are modern methods of irrigation more efficient than traditional methods?
Solution
Modern methods of irrigation help us use water economically, thereby conserving water. In addition, such methods help save time and labour. Hence, they are more efficient than traditional methods of irrigation.
Q33. How does irrigation of crop fields help in seed germination?
Solution
Seeds do not germinate under dry conditions. Irrigation of crop fields provides sufficient moisture for the germination of seeds.
Q34. Discuss two advantages of drip irrigation system.
Solution
a. It is the best technique for watering fruit plants, gardens and trees in regions of water scarcity. b. Since water is supplied drop by drop at the position of the roots, there is no water wastage.
Q35. What is the branch
of animal husbandry which deals with the rearing of bees for honey known as?
Solution
Apiculture
Q36. List the various activities included in agricultural practices.
Solution
The activities included in agricultural practices:
i. Preparation of soil
ii. Sowing
iii. Adding manure and fertilizers
iv. Irrigation
v. Protection from weeds
vi. Harvesting
vii. Storage
Q37. Why is it that people in India have access to large amounts of fish?
Solution
India has a lengthy coastline and numerous inland water spreads. Hence, fishing can be carried out in all these areas. This leads to availability of large amounts of fish for people in India.
Q38. Harikishan was inspired by new practices
and technologies invented for better crop production. He used many chemical fertilisers
in order to get more production in less area. Shamarao, a neighbour, was also
following Harikishan, but he used manure and natural waste as manure. Who
according to you will have better production and better soil condition? Give
reason to support your answer.
Solution
Shamarao will have better crop production. Organic
manure is considered better than fertilisers because
It
enhances the water-holding capacity of soil.
It
makes soil porous due to which the exchange of gases becomes easy.
It
improves soil texture.
Chemical fertilisers are rich in one type
of nutrients and overutilisation of chemical fertilisers can harm soil
organisms and affect soil texture.
Q39. What is the branch
of animal husbandry which deals with the rearing and breeding of fish known
as?
Solution
Pisciculture
Q40. How do soil organisms help farmers in
agricultural practices? Explain with two examples.
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